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Life-cycle assessment (LCA, also known as life-cycle analysis, ecobalance, and cradle-to-grave analysis)〔("Defining Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)." ) US Environmental Protection Agency. 17 October 2010. Web.〕 is a technique to assess environmental impacts associated with all the stages of a product's life from cradle to grave (i.e., from raw material extraction through materials processing, manufacture, distribution, use, repair and maintenance, and disposal or recycling). LCAs can help avoid a narrow outlook on environmental concerns by: * Compiling an inventory of relevant energy and material inputs and environmental releases; * Evaluating the potential impacts associated with identified inputs and releases; * Interpreting the results to help make a more informed decision.〔("Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)." ) US Environmental Protection Agency. 6 August 2010. Web.〕 ==Goals and purpose== The goal of LCA is to compare the full range of environmental effects assignable to products and services by quantifying all inputs and outputs of material flows and assessing how these material flows have an impact on the environment.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=https://sftool.gov/plan/400/life-cycle-assessment-lca-overview )〕 This information is used to improve processes, support policy and provide a sound basis for informed decisions.〔("GHG Product Life Cycle Assessments" ). ''Ecometrica''. Retrieved on: 25 April 2013.〕 The term ''life cycle'' refers to the notion that a fair, holistic assessment requires the assessment of raw-material production, manufacture, distribution, use and disposal including all intervening transportation steps necessary or caused by the product's existence. There are two main types of LCA. Attributional LCAs seek to establish (or attribute) the burdens associated with the production and use of a product, or with a specific service or process, at a point in time (typically the recent past). Consequential LCAs seek to identify the environmental consequences of a decision or a proposed change in a system under study (oriented to the future), which means that market and economic implications of a decision may have to be taken into account. Social LCA is under development〔(Guidelines for Social Life Cycle Assessment of Products ), United Nations Environment Programme, 2009〕 as a different approach to life cycle thinking intended to assess social implications or potential impacts. Social LCA should be considered as an approach that is complementary to environmental LCA. The procedures of life cycle assessment (LCA) are part of the ISO 14000 environmental management standards: in ISO 14040:2006 and 14044:2006. (ISO 14044 replaced earlier versions of ISO 14041 to ISO 14043.) GHG product life cycle assessments can also comply with standards such as PAS 2050 and the GHG Protocol Life Cycle Accounting and Reporting Standard.〔〔("PAS 2050:2011 Specification for the assessment of the life cycle greenhouse gas emissions of goods and services" ). ''BSI''. Retrieved on: 25 April 2013.〕〔("Product Life Cycle Accounting and Reporting Standard" ). ''GHG Protocol''. Retrieved on: 25 April 2013.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Life-cycle assessment」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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